Down an Unfamiliar Road

HOW MUCH ARE YOU WORTH?

When I read this and remembered my precious mother, my five sisters, ladies I’ve met in church ministries over the years, my wonderful wife and the women in our families, I thought it would be great six days before Valentine’s Day falls to share it with you. Maybe, this will inspire you to send a Valentine’s Card to someone you haven’t thanked in a long time.

Women have strengths that amaze men:

They bear hardships and they carry burdens, but they hold happiness, love, and joy.

They smile when they want to scream.

They sing when they want to cry.

They cry when they are happy and laugh when they are nervous.

They fight for what they believe in.

They stand up to injustice.

They don’t take “no” for an answer when they believe there is a better solution.

They go without so their family can have.

They make doctor’s appointments for the whole family.

They serve as a pharmacist, nurse, and caretaker for all sick family members.

They even go to the doctor with a frightened family member.

They love unconditionally.

They cry when their children excel and cheer when their friends get awards.

They are happy when they hear about a birth or a wedding.

Their hearts break when a friend dies.

They grieve at the loss of a family member, yet they are strong when they think there is no strength left.

They know that a hug and a kiss can heal a broken heart.

Women come in all shapes, sizes, and skin colors.

They’ll drive, fly, walk, run, text or e-mail you to show how much they care about you.

The heart of a woman is what makes the world keep turning.

They bring joy, hope, and love.

They show compassion and share ideas.

They give moral support to their family and friends.

Women have vital things to say and everything to give.

However, if there is one flaw in women: they forget, or are not sure, just how much they’re worth. It up to us to let them know.¹

NEW TESTAMENT CONTEXTUAL COMMENTARY

Dr. Robert R. Seyda

EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS

CHAPTER FIFTEEN (Lesson XXV)

Robert Haldane is struck with Paul’s concept of the love of the Spirit in this verse. Some understand this to be the Spirit’s love for Christ’s followers. Others see it as their love for one another which the Spirit brought in with Him.¹ The expression make sense either way. The love of God may be either God’s love to us, our love to God, or our love for each other. Accordingly, in the Scriptures, it is sometimes used in one sense or the other, but never signifying the three separately at the same time, only in unity. It is always the relationship between the person and the Father, and the Son, and the Holy Spirit, along with circumstances that determine the meaning. In other words, you never read where it says, the Father loves you, and the Son loves you, and the Holy Spirit loves you, in the same verse.

In any case, the love that the Spirit brings with Him into our hearts that helps us then to love one another is the most probable meaning here. Now, from this principle of pure love, Paul entreats the Romans to pray for him. Love is not the fruit of a person’s natural heart. People are by nature tolerant of one another. The closest they come to love is called infatuation brought on by attraction. When sinners believe in Christ and are redeemed, the Holy Spirit produces in their hearts love for one another. So this phrase, whether it refers to the love which the Spirit produces in believers, or that which God and Christ and the Spirit have for them together clearly implies the Trinity.²

Paul’s statement to the church in Rome suggesting that he might be in severe danger in Jerusalem may make them wonder why he didn’t come visit Rome and Spain first and then go on to Jerusalem after things quieted down. But his request that they pray for him should be a motivating factor for them to ask God for his protection so that he eventually makes his way to Rome for their benefit. As we know from the story in Acts of the Apostles, Paul did get to Rome, and the prayers of the believers in Rome no doubt played a large role in his surviving a long journey in chains, shipwreck, being bitten by a serpent, and weathering strong storms at sea. God fulfilled Paul’s dream and the Roman’s excitement over his coming but not exactly in the way they thought it would.

Robert Haldane wants to know what was the thing for which the Apostle requested the prayers of his fellow Christians? Was it that he be delivered from death and danger in the discharge of his duties as an Apostle, especially by those who despised him back in Jerusalem? This shows that no matter how willing we may to be to sacrifice our lives for Christ’s sake, yet we should be attentive and not lose our lives out of carelessness. Life is too valuable to be thrown away. The Apostle is not ashamed to admit to his fellow believers in Rome that he is anxious about falling into the wrong hands, that’s why he requests in the most fervent way that they pray for his protection and preservation from death. He was not inviting this persecution and danger, but he sensed that it was on its way.

Haldane remarks about how different this is from the attitude of Ignatius who was born a few years after Jesus’ ascension, and later became Bishop of the church in Antioch. He seemed to call for the prayers of his brethren that he might be honored with a crown of martyrdom, not to be shielded from his enemies. In one of his letters he wrote: “I came bound from Syria for the sake of Christ, our common hope, trusting through your prayers to [that I be] permitted to fight with beasts at Rome, that so by martyrdom I may indeed become the disciple of Him who gave Himself for us, an offering and a sacrifice to God.”³

Haldane agrees that Christians ought to be willing to give their lives for Christ rather than deny Him or refuse to do any part of His known will. But it is not only lawful but proper to use every means possible to stay away from danger unless it is necessary for the Gospel sake. If even an Apostle, in the cause of Christ, seemed so desirous of preserving life, what are we to think of those today that seem to have no respect for the life God gave them and act carelessly, almost with indifference. It’s like they don’t really care if they throw it away. This does not just mean doing some daredevil stunt or driving too fast on a curvy, narrow road in the winter time, but by not being careful about what they eat and drink.⁴

15:31 Pray that I will be protected from those in Judea who refuse to accept our message. And pray that this offering I’m bringing to Jerusalem may be looked upon favorably by God’s people there.

There is no reason to believe that Paul was speaking about any of the Apostles in Jerusalem or the Council over which James the brother of our Lord was in charge, as the ones who were a threat to him. Instead, it could be those mentioned in Acts of the Apostles chapter fifteen that were former Pharisees, like Paul, who did not like the fact that he did not insist on male Gentile converts being circumcised. And we also know from Acts twenty-one that there were many Jews that felt offended by Paul’s preaching in the synagogues in Asia Minor, who might be in Jerusalem for their pilgrimage, and word got to Paul that they were out to get him.

We catch a glimpse of this in Paul’s letter to the Thessalonians: “It was the Jews who killed the Lord Jesus and the early prophets. The Jews made it hard for us and made us leave. They do not please God and are working against all men. They tried to keep us from preaching the Good News to the people who are not Jews. The Jews do not want them saved from the punishment of sin.”⁵ And in his second letter Paul to the Thessalonians he asks for prayer because of non-Christians who were very much against his ministry.⁶ Then there were those who formerly worked with Paul, like Demas, but turned against him.⁷ In any case, we know that Paul would not leave Jerusalem a free man. God’s plan meant getting the Apostle to Rome as a great learning experience for all.

In Paul’s request that through their prayers he might be saved from the persecution by opposing forces from Judea currently in Jerusalem, Chrysostom believes that Paul was more aware of the danger facing him than he admitted. This is no doubt this was one of the reasons he asked so earnestly for their prayers.⁸ Such a thought is not illogical since through his ministry the Holy Spirit prompted Paul on many things. We might say that Paul sensed bad things coming his way but did not mention it openly to prevent his followers and those praying for him from becoming discouraged. It is also within bounds to believe that Paul remembered how he persecuted the church and knew all the forces that were available to those who continued to do so.

When it comes to Paul’s claim that he feared for his life upon going to Jerusalem, Luther agrees that the Apostle Paul knew of the persecution awaiting him. We read what he faced while staying at Philip the evangelist’s house in Cæsarea on his way to Jerusalem.⁹ From such facts, it is clear that this letter was written some thirty years after the death and resurrection of our Lord, namely, during the time of Roman Emperor Nero.¹⁰ On the other hand, John Calvin points out that Paul dealt with slanderers from the beginning of his ministry. That’s why he wanted to be humble in his approach to the Romans, showing that he would be willing to do all he could to come to them, even if it meant he may not be accepted by all. Calvin feels that this disposition of mind is something we all should imitate, so that we may not cease to do good to those of who are not happy about our ministry, to begin with.¹¹

John Bengel writes that Paul’s encouragement of the Gentile Greek and Jewish Roman believers to support their Christian brethren back in Jerusalem was an important matter. Not only because it provided needed sustenance and relief, but also it might unite the Jewish believers and the Gentile believers in closer bonds of love. Bengel feels that Paul wanted the Jewish believers in Rome to be impressed by the generosity of the Gentiles, which they were demonstrating for the sake of Jesus’ name. This certainly would afford the Jews plenty of proof of the truth and power of the Christian faith, and of the rightful place of the Gentiles in the Christian church¹².¹³

In this verse, Robert Haldane sees a possible hidden factor that could make the whole thing blow up in Paul’s face when he read the line: “May be looked upon favorably.” It might seem strange that Paul would say something like that. Why would he fear that a love offering brought to help supply the wants of the distressed would not be acceptable to them? Yet Paul makes it a matter of the most earnest prayer for himself and his brethren to whom he writes, that the saints at Jerusalem might be disposed to receive the gift cordially. This certainly shows that after all these years there were still plenty of Jewish members of the Church in Jerusalem and Judea who were not happy with so many Gentiles joining the church who did not share their commitment to Jewish ceremonial laws, especially doing away with the requirement of circumcision. So it might be possible that they view these offerings as charity rather than a gift from their fellow believers. And no Jew would accept a handout from a Gentile?

Would it be wrong if we expected more out of the early church in those days? In the Apostolic churches at that time, we indeed see none recognized as members who were not believers in Jesus as the Messiah and Savior. But just like today, there were believers with every degree of weakness, both in knowledge and in character.¹⁴ Calvin understands Paul’s doubts with respect to the acceptableness of the gift of the Gentiles, to involve prejudice against himself on the part of the believing Jews. But this provides no defendable foundation for him to fear them. Furthermore, there are ways to prevent such danger without exposing Paul to persecution from the opposition. Why not send the money by the hands of others? That’s certainly one way to guard against the supposed prejudice of the misguided brethren in Jerusalem, and thereby prevent the danger of death with respect to Paul from the hands of unbelieving Jews.¹⁵

NEW TESTAMENT CONTEXTUAL COMMENTARY

Dr. Robert R. Seyda

EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS

CHAPTER FIFTEEN (Lesson XXIV)

John Calvin also senses that Paul was anxious to finally go to Rome and share with them all that Christ shared with him. For Calvin, when Paul says, “I know that when I visit you,” may be explained in two ways: First, that he is expecting the Gospel he brings to produce plenty of fruit. That’s because when the Gospel produces the Fruit of the Spirit it will then continue to grow into even greater blessings of the Gifts of the Spirit. Secondly, in order that his going there will be even more fruitful, he tells them it is the result of a long-held desire to see them and share his knowledge of the Gospel with them. But such an outcome would depend partly on his ministry and partly on their faith. That’s why he promises, that his coming to them won’t be a waste of time. He will be well-prepared when he comes to distribute all that he received from Jesus the Messiah by the grace of God. And he plans to do this with all the insights which their minds are prepared to receive.¹

Robert Haldane comments on Paul’s use of the term “seal the fruit,” and defines this in several ways. For some, the meaning appears to be that the word “fruit” means the results of having faith in what the Gospel says. Another interpretation suggests that by saying “fruit,” Paul is thinking of the outcome and results of his visit. This would include their growth in understanding the Word better and the changes it will make in their attitude toward sinners outside the church and saints inside the church.

As to the “sealing of this fruit,” it is to be remarked that a seal was used to stamp anything as genuine and to distinguish it from a counterfeit. Now, such spiritual fruit gave convincing evidence that their faith proved real, and that the Gentiles received the Gospel, not in name only, but in truth. Today, we might think of this idea of sealing fruit by observing the process called “canning,” by which fruit is sealed in glass jars after placing them in boiling water and then pouring in wax on top before the lid is applied. As the jar cools it creates a vacuum inside and prevents contamination from the outside. The main reason such fruit, and even vegetables, are canned this way is so that later on in the year when fresh fruit and vegetables are no longer available, a family may still enjoy them during the winter. Sometimes, in our preaching and teaching, we offer fresh fruit from the Word of God then sealing with God’s power to make sure its fresh for them to use in the future, especially when times get tough.

For others, the contribution of the Gentile churches to the poor in Jerusalem served as fruit of their faith in Christ. The Apostle sealed this fruit when he delivered it to the Jewish believers as gifts from their Gentile brethren. It represents him as personally undertaking responsibility of transporting this contribution to not only make sure that it got there but that all of it got there. But Paul expressed an even higher expectation of his taking this love offering to Jerusalem than distributing the gifts and money. He wanted this compassionate expression by the Gentiles to remove any doubts and disarm the jealousy of the Jews with respect to their being part of the Church. Haldane feels that no other object of sufficient importance might detain Paul from visiting Rome and Spain but the joy of bringing the Jews and Gentiles together in unity of spirit and fellowship. Paul placed the union among Christians before the carrying of the Gospel to new areas.²

One Jewish writer gives his view of the “full blessings” of Christ. It is found in the key term, “the fullness of the blessing of the Gospel.” Although the congregation in Rome knows Yeshua, they still lacked having the full knowledge of what the Gospel promises to believers. Paul felt they needed to comprehend the message of the relationship of their faith to the destiny of Israel. It is interesting how many lessons are taught in churches based on this letter of Paul to the Roman church. The Epistle to the Romans is considered by many to be the doctrinal stronghold of the Christian faith. The message for Christians is taught primarily out of chapters 1-8 and 12-15. Rarely, if ever, does one hear a sermon preached on the themes found in chapters 9-11 that deal with the Gospel and the Jews, or one on any part of Romans as interpreted in the context of that section. The “fullness” of the Gospel seems to be lost and replaced by something Paul would not recognize. For him, Yeshua became the faith and hope of Israel.³

15:30  Brothers and sisters, I beg you to help me in my work by praying to God for me. Do this because of our Lord Jesus and the love that the Holy Spirit brings into us.

Now Paul solicits the prayers of those in Rome not only for his sake in carrying out the plans he made but also for Jesus’ sake. As he told the Corinthians: “We do not preach about ourselves. We preach Christ Jesus the Lord. We are your servants because of Jesus… Every day of our life we face death because of Jesus. In this way, His life is seen in our bodies.”⁴ This was the attitude of the Psalmist who wrote: “Teach me to do Your will, because You are my God; Let Your good Spirit guide me on ground that is level. For Your name’s sake, Adonai, preserve my life.”⁵ And Paul captured this same thought when he wrote the Philippians: “Therefore, if you have any encouragement for me from your being in union with the Messiah, any comfort flowing from love, any fellowship with me in the Holy Spirit, or any compassion and sympathy, then complete my joy by having a common purpose and a common love, by being one in heart and mind.”⁶

Paul was fully aware of the power of prayer. As he told the Corinthians: “You also help us by praying for us. Many people thank God for His favor to us. This is an answer to the prayers of many people.”⁷ He also requested prayer from the Ephesians: “Pray for me also. Pray that I might open my mouth without fear. Pray that I will use the right words to preach that which is hard to understand in the Good News.”⁸ And Paul sent this word to the Colossians: “Epaphras says hello. He is one of your people and a servant of Jesus Christ. As he prays for you, he asks God to help you to be strong and to make you perfect. He prays that you will know what God wants you to do in all things.”⁹ And twice he asked the Thessalonians for prayer.¹⁰

When it came to Paul’s request for prayer on his behalf, several early church scholars write a number of things. Ambrosiaster, for instance, makes the point that Paul asks for their prayers. He did not do this because he felt deserving of them but because he followed the principle that the church ought to pray for its leaders. That’s why when many ordinary people join together in prayer and agree with one another on what they are praying about, God will not ignore their prayers. Therefore, if the Romans desired a visit from the Apostle, then let them pray earnestly that the door opens to him so that they may receive him in the joy of brotherly love.¹¹

Early church scholar Pelagius adds that Paul asks the whole church to pray for him because he knows that when many people pray together their prayers produce results. When the Jews had James the brother of John killed in Jerusalem, Peter was set free from prison by the prayers of the brethren at the same time. They prayed not so much for his good as for their own, so that they might be strengthened by his teaching.¹² Spiritual love leads us to pray for one another.¹³

In response to Paul’s request for the Roman church to pray for his safety, John Calvin notes that it is well-known from many passages how much ill-will prevailed against Paul among his own Jewish brethren on account of false reports about what he taught the Gentiles. In particular, that the Torah no longer applied when it came to the rites, rituals, and ceremonies of Jewish customs – especially circumcision. These ceremonial laws were being devalued as not useful or necessary in order to be a Christian. He knew of the slander being attached to innocent Gentile believers, especially by those Jewish believers carried away with fanatic zeal for the old way. Add to this the testimony of the Holy Spirit which forewarned him that bonds and afflictions awaited him in Jerusalem.¹⁴ The more the danger, the more he asked for prayer.¹⁵

John Bengel takes notice of Paul’s request for prayer and observes that prayer is a form of striving, or contending, especially when people meet resistance. Paul is the only one of the Apostles who asks for the prayers of believers for himself. He often does this at the conclusion of his epistles, but not without reason or cause. For instance he writes this way to those he treats as his sons or children with the dignity of a father such as Timothy, Titus, the Corinthians, and the Galatians. He also requests prayer from those he treats as his equals as a brother would do to a brother, such as the Thessalonians, Ephesians, Colossians, and, therefore, so also the Romans. Some feel that this is another reason to believe that Paul is the author of the Book of Hebrews.¹⁶ His requests for their prayers are introduced with great elegance.¹⁷”¹⁸

Puritan preacher Jonathan Edwards makes a very important point here concerning the love we have for one another as children of God. For him, the natural human love that we all share with our family and friends is not good enough when it comes to loving our brother and sister in Christ. The Scriptures speak in many places of Christian love as being the same as the love the Spirit placed within them. As Paul told the Philippians, “If there any encouragement from belonging to Christ? Any comfort from His love? Any fellowship together in the Spirit? Are your hearts tender and compassionate? Then make me truly happy by agreeing wholeheartedly with each other, loving one another, and working together with one mind and purpose.”¹⁹ Perhaps the reason why there is so much discord and disharmony among church members and denominations lies in the fact that the love they claim to have for sinners does not apply to their fellow believers. Obviously, such love does not flow from the Holy Spirit as its main source.²⁰

NEW TESTAMENT CONTEXTUAL COMMENTARY

Dr. Robert R. Seyda

EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS

CHAPTER FIFTEEN (Lesson XXIII)

Adam Clarke speaks about the intended effect of Paul’s call for donations. No doubt he hoped for a generous contribution sent by each congregation in the much poorer areas around Greece, most of whom were populated by Gentile believers. This might certainly engage the affections of the Jewish Christians back in Judea who were initially very reluctant to accept Gentiles into the Church without first submitting themselves to Jewish ceremonial laws. By doing so, he might be able to establish a coalition between converted Jews and Gentiles that translated into ministries spreading the Gospel even further. And this shows why he so earnestly requests the prayers of the Christians in Rome for his trip to Jerusalem to be successful so that they joined him in thanking God for what they were able to contribute.¹

Robert Haldane touches on what he feels is the true motivation of Paul’s insistence that he first go to Jerusalem before heading out for Rome and Spain. It involved more than just delivering the offerings he collected so far. Paul thought about visiting Rome, the capital of the world, earlier in his ministry and then going on to carry the Gospel into Spain where no one ever heard it preached. More than once conditions prevented him from visiting the Roman Christians, and yet, in spite of feeling so strongly about going there he’s headed instead for Jerusalem carrying money for the relief of the poor. But someone might ask, isn’t preaching the Gospel greater than serving tables? Weren’t there others to give this responsibility to without burdening Paul? Obviously, those who ask such questions are forgetting that God’s plans for Paul to be in Jerusalem were bigger than just delivering an offering.

In fact, Paul felt that preaching the Gospel proved more important than taking time to baptize believers,² so why did he decide to spend so much time carrying a love offering from Gentile Christians to the Jewish believers in Jerusalem? No one questioned the need and how much help it gave those struggling in that city to hold on even longer. Also, what a golden opportunity to improve the attitude of the Jewish believers in Judea toward their Gentiles brothers and sisters scattered abroad. No one questioned the news about a scarcity of food and clothing for believers in Jerusalem.³

According to historical records, in the year 66 AD, the Jews of Judea rebelled against their Roman masters. This occurred the same year the Jews martyred James, the brother of John, in Jerusalem. In response to the rebellion, Emperor Nero dispatched an army under the generalship of Vespasian to restore order. By the year 68 AD, they eradicated the resistance in the northern part of the province and the Romans turned their full attention to the conquest of Jerusalem. That same year on June 9^th, Emperor Nero committed suicide creating a power vacuum in Rome. In the resulting chaos, the Romans declared Vespasian the new Emperor so he returned to the Imperial City. It then fell to his son Titus to lead the army stationed in Israel in an assault on the holiest city in Israel.

The Roman legions surrounded Jerusalem and began to slowly squeeze the life out of the Jewish stronghold. By the year 70 AD, the attackers breached Jerusalem’s outer walls and began a systematic ransacking of the city. The assault culminated in the burning and destruction of the Temple that served as the center of Judaism. In victory, the Romans slaughtered thousands. Besides those spared from death, thousands more were enslaved and sent to toil in the mines of Egypt, others were dispersed to arenas throughout the Empire to be butchered for the amusement of the public. The Temple’s sacred relics were taken to Rome where they were displayed in celebration of the victory. The rebellion sputtered on for another three years and finally died out in 73 AD with the fall of the various pockets of resistance, including the stronghold at Masada. Since many scholars believe that Paul wrote this letter to the Romans around 58 AD before he went to Jerusalem where he was arrested, that means the fires of revolt already smoldered in Galilee and Judea. First, between the Jews and the Christians, and then between the Jews, Christians and the Romans.

F. F. Bruce shares what he sees in Paul’s extending the opportunity for the Roman believers to share in helping out the saints in Jerusalem. His concern extended not only toward his Gentile converts’ recognition of their spiritual indebtedness to Jerusalem and the need to establish a bond of fellowship and brotherly love between them, but it also came at the climax of Paul’s third missionary journey before he set out on another expedition to a new field of ministry in the west, including Spain. It also proved to be the opportune time for him to do something for the believers back in Jerusalem where it all started. What a great possibility for him to present offerings and gifts to Jerusalem from Gentiles out west to show their love and appreciation for the earliest saints of God and followers of Jesus Christ. It showed that Paul’s apostleship to the Gentiles counted for the good of the Church. This stood as a sign not only to the Jerusalem church but in the sight of God. Perhaps Paul planned to consummate his thanksgiving for the past and his dedication for the future by an act of worship at that very place in the Temple where the Lord once appeared to him and sent him away to the Gentiles everywhere⁴.⁵

15:27 They were happy to do this. And it was like paying something they owed them because as non-Jews they were blessed spiritually by the Jews. So now they should use the material blessings they possess to help the believing Jews.

Paul explains what motivated the Gentiles won to the Lord to give of their material means to help struggling churches in Judea. With the destruction of the Temple and razing of Jerusalem by the Roman army being only years away, we see how the church formed in the Upper Room which added thousands of converts on the Day of Pentecost now faced a long period of persecution and poverty. But there existed a good reason why God forced them out of Jerusalem. If the church didn’t spread to Syria, Phoenicia, and on to Asia and Europe, it might die there as a sect in the City of David.

When it came to sharing both spiritual and material blessings, Ambrosiaster feels that in this way the believers among the Jews were given a choice to rejoice in God’s willingness to save the Gentiles through their ministry. For these Gentiles, by giving themselves completely to the service of God and not caring at all about the things of this world, offered an example of good behavior to all believers. Then too, the Apostle wants everyone to keep an open and maintain a compassionate heart so they feel burdened to give and to do good works with a willing heart because whoever hopes for mercy from God must be merciful to others. For if mankind is merciful, how much more is God merciful? For this is the standard: those who receive mercy should be merciful. As the Lord said: “Blessed are the merciful, for God will be merciful to them.⁶”⁷

On Paul’s collecting of funds to help believers in Jerusalem and Judea to cope with the economic situation, Jewish scholar David Stern notes that years earlier the leaders of the Jerusalem Messianic community urged Paul to “remember the poor.”⁸ He wrote about the present collection on their behalf.⁹ So well did he succeed in making the Gentiles tzedakah (charitable) toward the Jewish poor a part of his Gospel that this project, initiated by the believers in Macedonia and Achaia, turned out much bigger than he hoped.¹⁰

15:28-29: I am going to Jerusalem to make sure the poor get this money that has been given for them. After I have sealed the fruit of this effort, then I will leave for Spain and stop to visit you on the way. And I know that when I visit you, I will bring you Christ’s full blessing.

As we see, Paul lays out plans for future travels, but first, he must take care of some urgent business of delivering the offerings given by the fellowships he visited in Greece and Macedonia. As he wrote the Colossians: “The Good News came to you the same as it is now going out to all the world. Lives are being changed, just as your life was changed the day you heard the Good News.”¹¹ Paul wanted this outreach to continue into Spain. There is no record of any churches being in Spain in Paul’s day, nor did any Jewish settlements exist there. However, we are told that Rome did a thorough job of establishing itself in Spain by the time Paul planned to go there. And yet it is unlikely that his motivation included getting to know the Roman administrators and businessmen who managed the affairs of that province. The opportunity to hear about Christianity in the major cities of the Empire will come. Paul aimed his mission statement to those who populated the countryside and who, for so many centuries was influenced by these Romans and other foreigners.¹²

On the subject of Paul’s promise that when he arrived in Rome he’d be coming in the fullness of Christ’s blessing, early church theologian Origen asks: “What does Paul mean by this?” In Origen’s mind, he feels that Paul is talking here about not wanting anything to distract him from his mission to provide help for the believer’s in Jerusalem for which he feels responsible to God. He harbors no interest in doing it to impress people. He simply offers all he did for God as a labor of love. Then he plans to turn to the next chapter in his life.¹³

Martin Luther is impressed with Paul’s motivation for wanting to visit Rome. For the Apostle, this is all about the blessing that comes from sharing the Gospel so that Christians may grow and mature in the knowledge of the Lord. This same desire is echoed in Peter’s second letter: “Grow in the loving-favor that Christ gives you. Learn to know our Lord Jesus Christ better. He is the One Who saves. May He have all the shining-greatness now and forever. Let it be so.”¹⁴ The Apostle Paul does not promise to bring prosperity to the Romans, but the riches contained in the Gospel.¹⁵

NEW TESTAMENT CONTEXTUAL COMMENTARY

Dr. Robert R. Seyda

EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS

CHAPTER FIFTEEN (Lesson XXII)

Martin Luther has an interesting take on Paul’s desire to drop by and visit the Roman congregation on his way to Spain. In his mind, while all these words fill many pages, yet they were written out of love. The fact that he was inviting himself instead of them begging him to come showed that they would not be all that disappointed if it didn’t work out. Luther then quotes an old German proverb that says: “It is not the stall that longs for the cattle, but the cattle that long for the stall.” So in Luther’s mind, the cattle represents Paul’s. He wanted to see them more than they wanted to see him. Paul says all this to exemplify what he had taught concerning love: “Love does not seek her own.¹”² In other words, Paul was not trying to go to Rome just to brag that He went there, but only out of his desire to help them grow in the truth and knowledge of Christ and the Gospel. Every evangelist knows the difference between an invitation to speak and a burning fire in their heart to go preach.

John Calvin believes that Paul is going out of his way to make sure that the Roman church does not conclude that he is only paying them lip service. He really wanted to spend time with them, not just make his visit a stopover on his way to Spain. Paul is not bashful about sharing how much he looked forward to being the recipient of their kindness. This can sometimes be the best way of letting someone know that you consider such a reception to be one of great honor, of which you are undeserving. For the more a person hears of about how gracious and kind they are the more they want to live up to their reputation. No one wants to be disappointed by finding out that they are not that hospitable and begin to question the good opinion formed about them.³

Adam Clarke feels it is very likely the Gospel had not yet been fully explained to the believers in Rome, even though there are legendary tales about the Apostle James having planted the Gospel there long before this and founded many diocese! But Clarke finds this as unfounded as it is ridiculous and absurd. Things like parishes and bishoprics were not developed until many years after Paul went to Rome and died there. Also, whether the Apostle Paul ever fulfilled his design of going to Spain is unknown; but there is no evidence whatever that he did, and the presumption is that he did not undertake this voyage. Antiquity affords no proof that he fulfilled his intention.⁴ Many such legends were invented during the Middle Ages as various centers of Catholicism vied with one another for supremacy by claiming the Apostles personally visited them. There’s even a story of the Apostle James being buried in Spain, although the Scriptures say he died as a martyr in Jerusalem.

With regard to Paul’s longing to take the Gospel to Spain, Robert Haldane’s missionary instincts were impacted and point out that the great commission of the Apostles extended to all countries, but they were not always immediately directed with respect to their ultimate field of labor. Sometimes, they made plans they were then unable to carry out. This no doubt was the case because God had more important things for them to do at that time to carry out His own purposes by sending them to the places where He needed them the most. The fact is after Jesus gave His great commission He allowed the Apostles to carry out their mission by the course of their own choosing. However, there were times when Christ, through the Holy Spirit, overruled their choices, which should be an example to all of us. When we make plans according to our own views and desires we often do so without any immediate directions from above. Potential missionaries sometimes err on this point. They sit around and keep waiting for some divine announcement to direct them in going or not going to a certain place and end up going nowhere.⁵

15:25-26: Now I am going to Jerusalem to minister to God’s people there. Some of them are poor, and the believers in Macedonia and Achaia wanted to help them. So they gathered some money to send them.

Paul now informs the believers in Rome of his plans to go to Jerusalem because many in the churches there were experiencing hardship. It thrilled him to take an offering with him that the believers in Macedonia and Achaia collected and gave him to carry. Achaia was a province in the southern part of Greece, not the name of a city. The church in Antioch also showed compassion about the plight of the believers in Jerusalem and sent an offering there by way of Paul and Barnabas.

When it comes to Paul’s efforts to help the believers trying to cope with the growing threat of a Roman siege of Jerusalem, several early church scholars expressed their views. For instance, Ambrosiaster believes that Paul wants the Romans to understand that they ought to be concerned with this sort of thing because of compassion, and also those justified before God ought to show their devotion to their brothers and sisters in Christ.⁶ Then Chrysostom sees Paul taking this opportunity to teach the Romans about the importance of charitable giving.⁷ And Pelagius points out, that in Jerusalem there were saints who sold all their possessions and laid them at the feet of the Apostles, devoting themselves to prayer, reading, and teaching. It’s clear from this text that their character was such that Paul is traveling around in order to appeal to churches in person in hope to be given an offering to carry upon arrival, thereby showing that it’s more blessed to give than to receive⁸.⁹

Also, early church theologian Origen makes the point that Paul is subtlety exhorting the Romans to give by first praising the believers of Macedonia and Achaia for doing so. If all these other churches collected offerings, then certainly the Romans were capable of doing likewise? Most people think that Paul wanted the Romans to give with the same purpose as those of Macedonia and Achaia, but this interpretation appears too narrow for Origen. There were poor saints everywhere and Paul wanted the Romans to develop a spirit of generosity toward them all.¹⁰ And Pelagius seems to have the same idea. Except when it came to the believers in Jerusalem, perhaps Paul thought it might be a good idea if they took up an offering for the needs of the saints who voluntarily become poor for their benefit.¹¹

In addition, when it came to remembering the poor, Theodoret points out that when Barnabas and Paul took on the task of preaching to the Gentiles, they entered an agreement with Peter, James, and John, promising to encourage Gentile believers to come to the aid of believers in Judea. Paul mentions this in his epistle to the Galatians: When they perceived the grace given to me, James and Cephas and John, who were reputed to be pillars in the church, gave to me and Barnabas the right hand of fellowship that we go to the Gentiles and them to the Jews; they wanted us to remember the poor, which I was very eager to do¹².¹³

When it comes to Paul giving the Romans an opportunity to emulate the generosity of the Macedonians and Achaians by taking up an offering for the poor believers in Jerusalem, Luther says that Paul does so with the utmost diplomacy. Luther saw no pressing reason for Paul to mention this matter to the congregation in Rome. Rather, he wanted to motivate them by using the example of others rather than demanding they do so. Let it be done out of their own free will without any pressure. Luther hears the Apostle Paul saying that he will demand nothing from them, but would gratefully accept what they were willingly to contribute. Paul encouraged the other Apostles to follow this sense of obligation in the ministry of love¹⁴.¹⁵

John Calvin makes the point that Paul is serious about how the Roman believers feel about him as a leading Apostle and his honest desire to come and minister to them. But he must guard against them thinking that he’d be able to come right away, so if he didn’t show up in a month or two they’d feel deceived. That’s why he needs to let them know what business he must attend to before the way cleared for him to visit Rome. Truth is, some urgency existed in his needing to go to Jerusalem where things were getting quite bad for the believers there. Some scholars think that the siege by Roman General Titus was already being talked about. This formed part of his plan to take the donations he received from the churches in Macedonia and Achaia. Availing himself of the opportunity in this letter to Rome, he proceeds to hint how nice it would be if they were able to add something to help out their brothers and sisters in Judea. In fact, why not accept it as part of their Christian duty since he recommended the same thing to the church in Corinth¹⁶.¹⁷

John Taylor notes that when Paul talked about his plans of going to Jerusalem to minister to God’s people there, there’s no mention of bringing the Gospel to them but bringing the financial gifts that he collected along the way to help them out in their time of distress. This laid close to Paul’s heart, and for which he had spent extra time and effort to coordinate among the churches he visited.¹⁸ This he made clear in his letter to the Corinthians.¹⁹ Taylor also points out that the Jews were generally treated as objects of contempt and insult throughout the Roman empire. So he certainly didn’t want the converted Gentiles to adopt the same opinion. That’s why he hoped that this liberal contribution by the Gentile Christians touched the hearts of their Jewish brothers and sisters in Jerusalem. Paul wanted so badly that they all grow together in love and form a solid coalition in spreading the Gospel to the rest of the world.²⁰ It makes you wonder, were Paul alive today he might try the same thing in bringing all the denominations and churches together to preach the same Gospel to the world. Maybe that day is coming in the great last day awakening promised in God’s Word.

NEW TESTAMENT CONTEXTUAL COMMENTARY

Dr. Robert R. Seyda

EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS

CHAPTER FIFTEEN (Lesson XXI)

15:21 But as the Scriptures say, “Those who were not told about Him will hear, and those who have not heard about Him will understand.”

Paul now quotes from the prophet Isaiah to further confirm his efforts and calling.¹ Clearly, it says that those who never heard of the Messiah would be enlightened and would understand the meaning of His coming death and resurrection, as it relates not only to the Jews but to them as well. Later on, God would reiterate to Isaiah this plan for the Gentiles: “I made myself accessible to those who didn’t ask for me, I let myself be found by those who didn’t seek me. I said, ‘Here I am! Here I am!’ to a nation not called by My Name.”²

This idea of the message of the Messiah being preached everywhere was not new to Judaism. In Isaiah, we read more about the text from which Paul was quoting, where it says: “See how my servant will succeed! He will be raised up, exalted, highly honored!”³ In the Chaldean paraphrase, it goes: “Behold, my servant the Messiah will prosper, He will be exalted and extolled, and He will become renown.”⁴ A Jewish Rabbi admitted that he was aware that Christians refer to this “servant” as Jesus of Nazareth and explains that His being raised up and exalted indicated His body which was likened to the Temple would be raised up from the grave. Later, many Jewish scholars say that when Isaiah speaks of the Messiah as a servant, it means that the Messiah would be born on the day in which the Temple was destroyed and then bound with chains.⁵ If that was what the Jews thought in Paul’s day, that’s why he wanted to get the truth out to replace any speculation about who the Messiah really was.

On Paul’s use of the prophet Isaiah’s words to validate his own ministry, John Calvin sees that by Paul speaking of the kingdom of Messiah, among other things, he is predicting that by the knowledge of Christ spreading among the Gentiles throughout the whole world, His name would be declared to those by whom it had never been heard before. It is only proper that this is done by the Apostles to whom the command was specifically given. That’s why the Apostleship of Paul was made evident from the fact that this prophecy was also being fulfilled through his ministry.

Calvin feels that it would be absurd for anyone to apply this same template to all those who hold a pastoral office. Pastors are charged with constantly preaching the Gospel so that churches founded by the efforts of evangelists will grow and strengthen. Paul served as a preacher and teacher of the Gospel, especially to those foreign nations where Christ’s name was unknown. But after founding a church and upon his departure, he declared that the same doctrine should be daily proclaimed in every place by the preaching of the pastors. Calvin felt that it would be very permissible for us to take the words of the prophet Isaiah as announcing the commencement of the kingdom of God.⁶

As we mentioned before, since Robert Haldane had the spirit of a missionary he speaks here of feelings he’s familiar with concerning the spread of the Gospel to places where people still lived in ignorance of God’s plan of salvation. He feels that the fulfilling of this prophecy involves the spread of the Gospel in uncivilized countries. As such, it is God’s way of fulfilling His predictions and purpose. He gives His people an earnest desire to be the means by which this was accomplished at the time of His choosing. This will make the Gospel much more effective as it is carried to every country under heaven.

Having been a missionary myself, and studied missiology as part of church history, I can see these seasons come and go in the spread of the Gospel around the world. It must be understood that once the season of planting and harvesting in any field is over, it’s time to take that seed to another field for planting so it can produce fruit for the next harvest. But a problem develops when the spirit of evangelism wanes into just keeping the gathered seed from spoiling and not used to promote church growth. In some places, it has gone from being a mission to being a museum. But whenever the Lord has work to do He raises up servants with a heart to perform the work needing to be done.⁷

One Jewish writer makes note that Paul has given us an interesting sequence of verses to explain his concept of missions. In verses 20 and 21 Paul states how his mission has been to preach the Gospel in various places. In verse 22, he says this has also been his plan for those in Rome – although already believers. So why would he need to go there as though they never heard Gospel? No doubt it was because he learned that something was missing from how they practiced their faith. It could have been that they got away from a proper Torah-based foundation. Furthermore, the Roman congregation seems not to have been founded by one of Yeshua’s original disciples, but by those converted by the Apostles’ efforts elsewhere and then returned to Rome following the events of Acts of the Apostles, Chapter 2. Paul will clarify his desire later on in verse 29.⁸

15:22  That’s what has kept me so busy and prevented my coming to see you even though I have wanted to come many times.

Paul was hoping by this explanation that the Roman church would understand why he never made it to their city. There is no indication that Paul knew, or was even told by the Spirit, that he one day he’d be in Rome to meet the saints there, and that it would not be as part of his missionary travels but because he appealed to Caesar. This was not the first time Paul was prevented from visiting the believers in a certain location. He told the Thessalonians: “Christian brothers, because we have not been able to be with you, our hearts have been with you. We have wanted very much to see you. We wanted to come to you. I, Paul, have tried to come to you more than once but the Adversary got in our way.”⁹

Some early church scholars share their reasons as to why Paul may have been hindered from visiting Rome. Origen is of the opinion that Paul was not hindered by Satan, as some think, but by the fact that he was too busy planting churches in other places where nobody ever preached the Gospel before.¹⁰ Then another writer, Ambrosiaster, makes the point that Paul already mentioned at the beginning of the Epistle that although he wanted to come to them, he felt the obligation to counter the heretical teachings of false apostles spreading in Jerusalem and throughout Galatia. These imitation apostles would have found the journey to Rome very difficult, so Paul thought that it would do little harm if he postponed his visit for a short while.¹¹ So it is clear that some 100 plus years after Paul wrote this letter, early church scholars could not find any other particular reason that kept him from going to Rome, so we should feel relieved of trying to find one ourselves.

As John Calvin sees it, Paul here is not apologizing or trying to make an excuse for not having visited Rome earlier. As far as Calvin is concerned, Paul is trying to tell the Roman church that in spreading the Gospel from Judea as far away as Illyricum he carried out the mission assigned to him by the Lord. But even though he wanted to include Rome, the right time had not yet come. But most of all, he wanted them to know it was not on purpose that he did not dismiss earlier chances to visit them. So the only reason he never came to them sooner was that of impediments not of his own making. But now he saw a glimmer of hope and would be coming as soon as the Lord made it possible.¹²

15:23-24  Now I have finished my work in these areas. And for many years I have wanted to visit you. So I will visit you when I go to Spain. Yes, I hope to visit you while I am traveling to Spain, and I will stay and enjoy being with you. Then you can help me continue on my trip.

We must keep in mind that Alitalia Airlines did not exist in Paul’s day. Most Bible scholars believe that Paul wrote this letter while in Corinth around 57-58 AD. So an overland trek from Corinth to Rome required a long walk to a port in northern Greece, a ferryboat ride over to the east coast of Italy, and then an equally long overland trip up to Rome on the west coast. So the hardship keeping him away might have been his health or lack of funds. Yet, Paul did not take it off his want-list. He was planning to visit Spain and would use Rome as a stopover on the way. Paul’s wanting to go to Rome was no secret. When he was ministering in Ephesus, Luke tells us: “Paul thought he would go through the countries of Macedonia and Greece. Then he would go to Jerusalem. He said, ‘After I have been there, I must go to the city of Rome also.‘”¹³

In what appeared to be Paul’s plans to pass through Rome on his travels elsewhere, some early church scholars expressed their thoughts. Origen thinks that what Paul says here must not be understood to mean that Paul had so little love for the Romans that he was only going to drop by to see them briefly because he was in a hurry to go elsewhere. What he says in the next few verses will prove he had no such thought or intention.¹⁴ For Chrysostom, Paul expresses himself in this manner in order to keep the Romans from feeling proud. They were not used to being a mere stopover on someone’s journey.¹⁵ And Pelagius notes that it is not certain whether Paul ever got to Spain or not. The reason he says that he will enjoy their company for a little while is that they did not need him to come in order to believe, he wanted to visit in order that they might be strengthened in their belief. ¹⁶

The great American psychologist, Abraham H. Maslow, once stated that the thing most necessary to change a person is to change their awareness of themselves. This is made even more forcefully when we add, among others.

How true this is! For instance, the entrance/exit areas of our auditorium church empty out to walkways alongside the sanctuary that lead to the parking lots. I’m always amazed at how many people stop and begin visiting, or in the doorways and in the middle of the walkway just outside the doors. (We’re talking about 2,500 worshipers). It’s as though they are oblivious to all those trying to squeeze by to get around them. I”m not saying that there’s anything wrong in parishioners visiting after the service, but be aware of others who need to go their way.

The same thing happens on the highway. Often, on a fast moving three or four-lane freeway a car out in the fast-car-lane will suddenly swerve right to get across to the innermost lane in order to exit. The first thought that goes through my mind is, “If they knew where they were going, and they knew their exit is coming up soon, why did they wait until the last minute to veer over into the right lane so they could exit? Maybe, they have their mind on other things or doing something as careless as looking at the cell phone. That’s why as soon as I enter a freeway, I know exactly what lane will be the one that leads me to my exit. So I get in that lane, stay in that lane, and leave the freeway in that lane. I don’t put anyone around me at risk by suddenly having to change lanes at the last second.

I’ve also noticed this when driving through town in the business area where there are plenty of shops, restaurants, gas stations, etc., and happen to be in the right lane because it will take me where I need to go, but all of a sudden have to slam on the brakes because the car in from of me decides to turn into a parking area. They didn’t turn their turn signal to warn those behind them or even slow down in order to make the turn until the last second. Not only that, but they only get halfway into their turn and the car’s rear end is blocking me, and those behind me, from going around them because of the cars next to me in the left lane. It’s as though they have no idea they are backing up traffic, making them miss the green light up ahead. It must be that in their world there is only one person in one car on the road.

The same goes for us, our spouses, families, neighborhoods, church attendees, and so on. Remember, every move you make will affect some person or persons around you. They will be able to tell if you were expecting to make that move, or if it catches you off guard because your mind was on other things? Was it part of your plan all along or the component of a quick last-minute decision, notion, or idea? Do you know how that will cause every around you to change course?

So as you get up each day, have a plan ready. And if you have some things to do that will affect those around you, let them know so they can be prepared to stop or adjust to the change. The more they see that you don’t care what your changes do to them, the more they will become convinced that you simply don’t care much about them and where they’re trying to do. – Dr. Robert R Seyda

A SENIOR MOMENT FOR SENIOR CHRISTIANS

I read this story told by a lady who did not give her name. But having been in the ministry for over 55 years, and will be reaching the end my 80th year in a few months, I certainly related to what she remembered. So this is for all of you who may be in the stratosphere of age. I hope you enjoy it.

Not able to go to church, she was watching television one Sunday morning, and she watched a church service being broadcast in which the congregation was honoring one of its senior pastors who had been retired many years. He was 92 years old at this time and she wondered why the church would even think of asking such an elderly gentleman to preach at that age.

After a warm welcome and introduction of their beloved pastor, as the applause quieted down he rose from his chair and walked slowly, with great effort and a sliding gait to the podium. Without a note or written paper of any kind, he placed both hands on the pulpit to steady himself and then quietly and slowly he began to speak.

In a trembling voice he told them that when he was asked to come and talk to them, their pastor asked him to tell them what was the greatest lesson ever learned in his many, many years of preaching. He thought about it for a few days and boiled it down to just one thing that made the most difference in his life and sustained him through all his frequent trials. The precious memory that he could always rely on when tears and heartbreak and pain and fear and sorrow seemed to paralyze him, the thing that brought him the most comfort was this verse…

“Jesus loves me this I know.
For the Bible tells me so.
Little ones to Him belong,
We are weak but He is strong.
Yes, Jesus loves me…
The Bible tells me so.”

When he finished, the church was quiet. You actually could hear his footsteps as he shuffled back to his chair. It’s something this lady says she will never, ever forget.

She then remembered her own pastor saying that he always noticed that it was the adults who chose this children’s song during a hymn sing on Sunday nights, and it was the adults who sang the loudest because they knew it the best. She was so inspired by what happened that she sat down and wrote what she called her “Senior’s Version of Jesus Loves Me.” She remarked, that even if the person singing it had no white hair or no hair at all, she thought they would enjoy it.

JESUS LOVES ME

Jesus loves me, this I know,
Though my hair is white as snow
Though my sight is growing dim,
Still He bids me trust in Him.

Though my steps are oh, so slow,
With my hand in His I’ll go
On through life, let come what may,
He’ll be there to lead the way.

When the nights are dark and long,
In my heart He puts a song,
Telling me in words so clear,
“Have no fear, for I am near.”

When my work on earth is done,
And life’s victories have been won.
He will take me home above,
Then I’ll understand His love.

I love Jesus, does He know?
Have I ever told Him so?
Jesus loves to hear me say,
That I love Him every day.

(CHORUS)

Yes, Jesus loves me, Yes, Jesus loves me,

Yes, Jesus loves me, for the Bible tells me so.

As I read this, I was reminded of a song we used to sing when I was young that went like this: Every day with Jesus is sweeter than the day before, every day with Jesus I love Him more and more. Jesus saves and keeps me and He’s the one I’m waiting for, every day with Jesus is sweeter than the day before.

So if this New Year did not start out like you thought it could, and if things are not going the way you think they should, just remember a song or hymn that gave you comfort during life’s times of stormy weather. Start singing because you know Jesus loves you just as much now as ever, and every day with Jesus you draw closer and closer to Him until one day you will stand face to face with Him in glory. – Dr. Robert R Seyda

NEW TESTAMENT CONTEXTUAL COMMENTARY

Dr. Robert R. Seyda

EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS

CHAPTER FIFTEEN (Lesson XX)

In the late 1800s, Albert Barnes gives his description of the area Paul refers to as the circumference of his ministry: Illyricum was a province lying to the northwest of Macedonia, bounded on the north by a part of Italy and Germany, on the east by Macedonia, on the south by the Adriatic Sea, on the west by modern Croatia. So by taking Jerusalem as a center-point, Paul preached not only in Damascus and Arabia, but in Syria, in Asia Minor, in all of Greece, in the Grecian Islands, and Macedonia. This included a large part of the known world at that time. That means the Gospel reached into areas where Christianity is still active today, all because of the labors of one tireless man. There is no place in the Acts of the Apostles where it is recorded that Paul actually made it into Illyricum (modern day Albania), nor that he preached the Gospel within its borders, but only to its borders. It may have been, however, that when in Macedonia, he crossed over into that country; and this is rendered somewhat probable from the fact that Titus is mentioned as having gone into Dalmatia,¹ which was a part of Illyricum (east coast of Croatia on the Adriatic sea).²

F. F. Bruce adds his research to what he understands to have been the extent of Paul’s travels: The province bordering the Adriatic Sea on the east. Illyricum is not mentioned in Acts or in any of the Pauline letters up to this time. But the interval between the end of Paul’s Ephesian ministry and his setting out on his last journey to Jerusalem, while compressed into the brief space of Acts 20:1–6, probably covered the best part of two years. At some point, during this period Paul appears to have traversed Macedonia from east to west along the Egnatian Way³ and turned north into Illyricum. To spend some time in a Latin-speaking environment would be helpful preparation for his planned campaign in Spain.⁴

15:20  My aim has always been to share the Gospel in places where people have never heard of Christ. I do this because I don’t want to build on the work that someone else has already started.

Here Paul shares an ethical code which in some cases has been ignored. Today the word “evangelism” seems to be an acceptable way of luring disgruntled sheep away from another shepherd’s flock. Consequently, Christian unity is disrupted and weakened. Often, new congregations formed in this manner only last until another sheep in wolf’s clothing comes in to lead the unhappy members away from them. And you can be sure that God’s blessing will not be upon such dubious endeavors. However, in many cases, evangelistic services are often conducted in churches, auditoriums, arenas, and even sports venues.

Someone might say, well what about the reformation? Did this apply to how God used Martin Luther, John Calvin, Ulrich Zwingli, John Wesley and others in leading hungry believers into a new relationship with Christ? Theirs’ was not a case of promising that the grass was greener on the other side of the fence. These converts were led out of the bondage of a formal religious vacuum into the expansive freedom of grace and then excommunicated from the universal church of that era It is alright for members of any congregation to leave when they become subject to false doctrine or questionable teachings. Paul made it clear, “My ambition has always been to preach the Good News where the name of Christ has never been heard, rather than where a church has already been started by someone else.”

Paul repeats here what he said to the Corinthians: “We take no credit for the work others have done there. Instead, we hope your faith will keep growing because of help from others. Then we will grow because of you.”⁵ In fact, says Paul, “Through God’s loving-favor to me, I laid the stones on which the building was to be built. I did it like one who knew what he was doing. Now another person is building on it. Each person who builds must be careful how he builds on it. Jesus Christ is the Stone on which other stones for the building must be laid. It can be only Christ.”⁶ He had the same message for the Ephesians: “You have been built on the foundation laid by the missionaries and the early preachers. Jesus Christ, Himself is the Cornerstone, which is the most important part of the building. Christ keeps this building together and it is growing into a holy building for the Lord.”⁷

What Paul says here about not taking credit for what others have done but being satisfied in plowing new soil for the seed of the Gospel, made an impression on several early church scholars. Ambrosiaster does not find it surprising that Paul wanted to preach in places where the name of Jesus had never been heard. For he knew that false apostles were going around spreading doctrines that were not based on the teachings of Christ and the disciples. This was disheartening because once people were led astray by these false instructions it was so difficult to get things straightened out again.⁸ Therefore, he wanted to be the first to reach those who had never been evangelized because if these false disciples got there ahead of him, then the job of putting things right would be twice as difficult.⁹

Then we read of Paul’s reluctance to build upon another missionary’s foundation without giving them credit. In fact, he was so reluctant to force himself upon other evangelists’ disciples that he was determined to go where nobody had preached before. He wrote all this to show the Roman believers that he was not in this for fame, or glory, or notoriety but in order to fulfill his calling by the Lord Jesus Christ to preach everywhere the doors would open to him. If he loved anything, it was seeing people come to know Jesus as their personal Savior for the first time, even at his own expense.¹⁰

Pelagius looks at this subject from a different angle. As he saw it, any person who built on someone else’s foundation is not doing anything wrong as long as they build to improve and enlarge the project.¹¹ In some cases, if the original project had been abandoned, this would simply be completing work that was started but not finished. But Paul was ready to lay the foundation and then let someone else build upon it to the glory of God. We see from Scripture that Paul never named his efforts “The Ministry of Paul the Apostle,” nor did he ever name a church after himself such as St. Paul’s Cathedral in Ephesus.¹²

Then Patriarch Gennadius (458-471), from the Orthodox Church in Constantinople, where Paul was venerated as the main Apostle, sees an ulterior motive in Paul actions. In explaining why Paul had not yet managed to visit the Romans seems to be that he believed that maybe Peter had already been there as their teacher, so he went to places where as yet no one had preached the Gospel of Christ.¹³ Gennadius’ theory is just a guess because no historical record exists showing that Peter ever traveled into Greece or made it to Rome.¹⁴

When it came to Paul’s desire not build his ministry on the foundation of another preacher of the Gospel, thereby giving him an advantage so that it might appear as though he had done it all on his own, Luther believes that had Paul done so his Apostolic office would have suffered a loss of great respect. The Apostles were sent out to found churches since they themselves were the foundation stones of the Church.¹⁵ He speaks of another person’s foundation, not as though it was founded on another Gospel, but that the same Gospel was preached through the service by another Apostle¹⁶.¹⁷ What Luther is aiming at is to show that he did not believe Paul ever took over the work of another missionary and then claimed that it was all done by him.

John Calvin has a few things to say about Paul’s urgent desire to preach the Gospel. He feels that Paul not only felt it necessary to prove himself to be the servant of Christ and missionary for the Christian Church but also to be effective in his office as an appointed Apostle. This is what he was trying to do in order to get the attention of the Roman believers. That’s why he mentions here the proper and peculiar distinction of Apostleship. First and foremost, the work of an Apostle was to preach and teach the Gospel where it had not been heard before. The Apostles then were the founders of what would become known as the assembly or fellowship of believers in Jesus the Messiah. The pastors who succeeded them built on that foundation to strengthen and enlarge the congregation raised up by them. So what Paul is really saying is that he was not called to pastor but to evangelize and take the Gospel to places that were still without the Word of God so that others could follow and build upon the foundation that he laid down in Christ’s honor¹⁸.¹⁹

Robert Haldane, a man with a missionary heart, finds kinship with Paul in his dedication to preach the Gospel, especially to those who had somehow been missed in evangelistic or missionary efforts. He notes that the Greek verb philotimeomai has been translated as “strived” (KJV), and signifies “to be fond of good honor,” or “to strive earnestly.” Haldane feels that both efforts may have been in Paul’s mind. First, to try as hard as he could to accomplish his mission for the honor of being a good and faithful servant. This is not worldly ambition but a desire which is lawful and commendable.

Similar ambition has often been seen in the work of missionaries who by their labors, the Gospel has been carried to countries that were previously strangers to the very name of Christ. This then would cause others to attribute to them the honor of bringing more sheep into the fold of Christ the Shepherd. It is through this means that God excites men and women to fulfill His purposes of mercy to the different nations of the earth.²⁰ I can say from personal experience that it is an honor to be named a missionary and to have as one’s main aim, the spreading of the Gospel at all cost.

NEW TESTAMENT CONTEXTUAL COMMENTARY

Dr. Robert R. Seyda

EPISTLE TO THE ROMANS

CHAPTER FIFTEEN (Lesson XIX)

Robert Haldane disagrees with those who claim that the Lord’s servants should never speak highly of things they’ve done for God with Christ’s and the Holy Spirit’s help. He notes that Paul never took credit for anything that someone else had done for which they should be recognized as an instrument of God.¹ He only spoke of the success which Christ had given him in the work that he did. This shows that although all success is of God, yet that it is an honor and a reason to be commended for having been willing to let God’s Spirit use you. Many have supposed that it is wrong to give any praise to the Lord’s servants on account of their labors, diligence, and accomplishments in His service. They have judged that this encourages a spirit of self-righteousness and of egotistical pride.

But this is not wisdom from God. It is corrupt human logic based on jealousy and tends to dampen enthusiasm in serving Christ. All success is Christ’s success in using us. Why else would Jesus, in His parable, have the estate owner, who represents God, say: “Well done, good and faithful servant! You have been faithful with a few things; I will put you in charge of many things. Come and share your master’s happiness!”² So we see that God gives praise to His servants for their determination and success in His work. It is not wise to blame something as being wrong that God approves of. In this case, the Apostle speaks of what God did with his help, while in other places he also speaks of what he did with God’s help³.⁴

Charles Hodge proposes that in these verses the Apostle Paul explains more fully what he had intended by saying he gloried or exalted. It was that God had given ample testimony to his claims as a divinely commissioned preacher of the Gospel so that he had no need to refer to what others had done. He was satisfied to rest his claims on the results of his own labors and the testimony of God. According to another view, the meaning could be: I will not speak of anything as being grounds for boasting which Christ has not done by using me. The contrast is not between what he had done and what others had accomplished, but between he had done with Christ’s help and what Christ had done with his help. He would not glory in the flesh, or in anything pertaining to himself, but only in Christ. The conversion of the Gentiles was Christ’s work, not Paul’s, and, therefore, Paul could give praise for it without taking any credit. It is to be remarked that the Apostle represents himself as merely an instrument in the hands of Christ for converting sinners; the real efficiency he ascribes to the Redeemer.⁵ This should be the attitude of every servant of Christ.

One Christian Jewish writer makes the comment that Paul is reiterating his opening statement from chapter one that his mission to the Gentiles is one of teaching them obedience. The reference to “word and deed” here in verse 18 is the same as taught by Paul earlier in this letter. Also, the Apostle James said: “Do not merely listen to the word, and so deceive yourselves. Do what it says.”⁶ What will make the Gentiles acceptable is a humble faith that looks to the higher purpose of God, particularly with regard to Israel.⁷

15:19 And they obeyed Him because of the power of the miraculous signs and wonders that happened – all because of the power of God’s Spirit. I have told people the Good News about Christ in every place from Jerusalem to Illyricum. And so I have finished that part of my work.

Paul was sure that it was not only his preaching of the Gospel but also by the accompanying miracles that caused many to believe in Jesus as the Messiah. This was foretold by Jesus Himself who said: “These signs will accompany those who do trust: in my name, they will drive out demons, speak with new tongues, not be injured if they handle snakes or drink poison, and heal the sick by laying hands on them.”⁸ Of course, much of these happened under Paul’s ministry.⁹ Paul reminded the Corinthians of what happened when he was with them: “When I was with you, I proved to you that I was a true missionary. I did powerful works and there were special things to see. These things were done in the strength and power from God.”¹⁰ The Galatians also experienced these blessings.¹¹

Paul makes it clear he could not have been used by God to do any of these things without the help and power of the Holy Spirit. Jesus Himself made it clear to those who doubted the miracles He performed: “If I drive out demons by the Spirit of God, then the Kingdom of God has come upon you!”¹² Paul made sure the Corinthians understood: “There are different kinds of gifts. But it is the same Holy Spirit Who gives them. There are different kinds of work to be done for Him. But the work is for the same Lord. There are different ways of doing His work. But it is the same God who uses all these ways in all people.”¹³ One can not help but notice that Paul includes the Trinity in these operations. Paul then tells the Roman believers that this was the operation of Holy Spirit everywhere he went.

Early church preacher Chrysostom had a great appreciation for Paul travels in spreading the Gospel. He suggests that we count up all the places Paul had been to – not just in the Roman Empire but beyond its frontiers to places like Phoenicia, Syria, Cilicia, and Cappadocia for a start, but also the areas of Arabia, Persia, and Armenia. This is why he said, “as far abroad as Illyricum,” so that you would not only think of the direct route from Jerusalem to Illyricum but consider all the surrounding countries as well.¹⁴ And Theodoret puts the same thought a different way when he notes Paul saying, “as far away as Illyricum.” Paul means that he got to Illyricum in a roundabout way via the eastern provinces, the Black Sea region, Asia Minor, and Thrace.¹⁵ When you think of the few transportation options Paul had in his day, then look at the map, it should make you shake your head in wonder.

On Paul’s confession that he had no desire to build on another man’s foundation and then claim that it was all his doing, and then pointed out that he purposely went to places were the Gospel had never been preached before, John Calvin sees Paul adding a testimony to explain the reason for the success which followed his preaching that exceeded everyone’s expectations. For who could have started so many churches for Christ without being aided by the power of God? Paul says it started in Jerusalem and spread as far as Illyricum,¹⁶ and not by hastening to the end of his course by a straight way, but by going all around and through the intervening countries. The Greek verb plēroō, translated as “fully preached” (KJV), and “fully proclaimed” (NIV), means “to fill up” or “to complete” in the sense of “to abound, to furnish or supply liberally.” Calvin was disposed to explain it this way, – that Paul distributed Christianity, as it were, by providing the preaching of the Gospel as a supplement to what others had begun in order for it to spread even wider.¹⁷

Adam Clarke puts Paul’s missionary travels into perspective by naming those places where Paul preached the Gospel. Given the age in which Paul lived and the methods of transportation it makes his efforts even more amazing. Among ancient writers, Illyricum has been known by a great variety of names. Its precise limits have not been determined by either ancient or modern geographers. It seems to have been divided by Caesar Augustus into two provinces, the upper and lower. It now forms part of Croatia, Bosnia, Serbia, and Slavonia of what used to be Yugoslavia. When the Apostle says that he preached the Gospel from Jerusalem round about to Illyricum, he implies his journeys over land. By looking at the Bible map, the reader will see that from Jerusalem the Apostle went around the eastern coast of the Mediterranean Sea, and on today’s map would include Lebanon, Syria, Turkey, Bulgaria, Macedonia, Albania, Greece, besides the isles of Cyprus and Crete. And no doubt he visited many other places in between that are not mentioned in the Acts of the Apostles or his Epistles.¹⁸

Robert Haldane gives us his view of what the term “mighty signs and wonders by the Holy Spirit” meant in Paul’s day. They referred to the deeds through which, as well as by Paul’s preaching, the Lord brought the heathen Gentiles to salvation in Christ, someone they had never heard of. This includes all the miraculous works of the Apostle for the confirmation of the Gospel. By the phrase, “the power of the Spirit of God,” some understand this being the power itself by which the signs and wonders were performed. Some believe that it refers to the Gifts of the Holy Spirit, such as wisdom, understanding, knowledge, and counsel, etc. However, a number feel that it is the spiritual gifts like: gifts of healing, working of miracles, prophecy, the ability to discern between good and evil spirits, to another various kinds of tongues, to another the interpretation of tongues.¹⁹

Haldane is convinced that it is this later set of gifts that Paul had in mind.²⁰ From the tone and tense of Haldane’s writings, it is apparent to me that he does not speak of such things as the Gifts of the Spirit and miracles as something once in fashion but no longer trending, or possibilities that are no longer probabilities. He talks of them as though they were needed, presently in the church, and practiced by every Spiritual believer. Haldane’s motto for his ministry was: “Christianity is everything or nothing; if it is true, it warrants and commands every sacrifice to promote its influence; if it is not true, let us lay aside the hypocrisy of professing to believe it.”²¹ One thing is for sure, they were all done through Paul and his missionary team by the power of the Holy Spirit. So if it took the Holy Spirit to do those things back then, is it not reasonable to believe that it would take the Holy Spirit to do them today?